By Kelly Vowels
Fireflies are one of the few groups of insects that can produce light. Many of us have warm memories of chasing them on summer nights. As a child, I never realized there was more than one species of firefly. The species I was likely chasing was the Big Dipper firefly (Photinus pyralis), a common variety found in the eastern United States.
According to the Xerces Society, there are more than 2,200 known firefly species worldwide. Around 165 of those are found in the United States and Canada. New species continue to be discovered each year—over 40 in the past decade alone. Kentucky is home to more than 15 species.
Flashing fireflies are most commonly found in the eastern U.S., but not all fireflies flash. Some glow steadily. Others are known as “daytime dark” fireflies and don’t produce light at all. Glowworms, which are closely related, also emit bioluminescence. These are typically active at dusk or night, with females glowing while males remain dark.
Daytime dark fireflies are active during the day, although a few may appear at night. One fascinating example is the winter firefly (Ellychnia corrusca), which is active in late fall and early spring. It can even be spotted as early as February.
At Bernheim Forest and Arboretum, volunteer naturalist Bill Napper has identified 13 different firefly species. Unfortunately, many of them are threatened by habitat loss, light pollution, pesticide use, poor water quality, and climate change.
One especially rare species is the blue ghost (Phausis reticulata). It is primarily found in the Appalachian Mountains, but it has also been observed in several locations throughout Bernheim. These fireflies emit a dim, blue-green glow and are typically active from May through June. Their glowing, flightless females stay low on the forest floor, while the males fly above them in search of mates.
The blue ghost is especially sensitive to environmental threats. Artificial light can interfere with their ability to find mates and avoid predators. Habitat destruction and climate change are also serious concerns for their survival.
There’s still so much to learn about fireflies. Ongoing research is crucial. Bernheim is working with the Stanger-Hall Lab at the University of Georgia to study the Ellychnia corrusca complex. Researchers believe that what’s currently classified as a single species may actually include multiple cryptic species. The goal of the study is to clarify the evolutionary relationships within the Ellychnia and Phausis genera across North America.
Bernheim is one of several sites contributing to this important research. Specimens of the blue ghost and other Phausis species are being collected to help determine how they’re related. With global firefly populations in decline, this research will help us better understand and protect these incredible insects. The more we know, the more we can do to ensure their survival.
It’s unclear how long we’ll be able to enjoy their magical glow—unless we act now to safeguard their future.
Experience the Glowing Spectacle at Bernheim
This June, visitors have multiple opportunities to experience the dazzling display of fireflies at Bernheim. Firefly Fridays, happening every Friday evening throughout the month, invite guests to enjoy the enchanting glow of fireflies in a protected natural setting.
The James B. Beam Distilling Co. Firefly Dinner on Friday, June 6, is an adventurous dining experience that blends nature and culinary delight. Guests will enjoy a three-course meal by Chef Brian Landry of The Kitchen Table, followed by a night hike to see the awe-inspiring display of fireflies. This special event is a fundraiser for Bernheim, with all proceeds supporting our mission to protect and steward our natural lands, provide environmental education, and inspire a deeper connection with nature. Ticket sales are now closed.
On Saturday, June 7, join us for Creatures of the Night: In Search of the Blue Ghost Glow, a special evening dedicated to seeking out the rare and elusive blue ghost firefly (Phausis reticulata). While sightings aren’t guaranteed, the search is part of the enchantment.
For a special family-friendly option, don’t miss By the Lamp of Fireflies on Saturday, June 14—an evening designed to explore the magic together.
Support Firefly Habitat in Your Own Backyard
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