By Kelly Vowels
This winter, scientists in Mexico and California are monitoring eastern and western populations of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in their winter habitats. In Mexico, researchers measure the acreage occupied by monarchs to estimate population size, while in California, scientists and volunteers count individual butterflies annually. Since monitoring began in the 1990s, both populations have declined significantly, raising concerns about the global loss of this extraordinary species.

Monarchs are vital pollinators, supporting the reproduction of many plant species. They serve as a food source for other wildlife and inhabit ecosystems that sustain diverse animal and plant communities. Monarchs are also important indicator species; their decline signals broader ecological challenges. Factors contributing to their population loss include climate change, habitat destruction, pesticide use, milkweed reduction, and agricultural practices.
In response to this decline, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed listing monarchs as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. While this is only a proposal, and monarchs currently lack federal protection, a 90-day public comment period is underway. After this period, a final decision will be issued, likely after March. To share your input on this federal listing, visit https://www.regulations.gov/commenton/FWS-R3-ES-2024-0137-0001
Bernheim is committed to protecting monarchs through expanded conservation efforts. The Big Prairie, established in the late 1990s, provides critical habitat for pollinators and protects unique ecosystems like barrens and cedar glades. In the coming years, Bernheim will enhance forb diversity in the Big Prairie to improve monarch habitats. Additionally, Bernheim avoids using insecticides or fungicides and uses herbicides sparingly.

You can support monarch conservation at home by reducing insecticide and herbicide use and planting milkweed and nectar plants in your yard. These small actions can help ensure the survival of monarchs for future generations. Throughout the next year, we will share more information on monarchs and ways to help them thrive.